Chapter 1: The Allure of Illusion

Magic, as showcased by illusionists, captivates audiences across the globe. However, what we perceive as "magic" is not an otherworldly force but a clever interplay of techniques, misdirection, and intricate design. The illusion persists only as long as the inner workings remain concealed from view. A simple shift in perspective — like changing the camera angle — can often unveil the secrets behind these tricks, diminishing their enchantment.

The performances we witness are not genuine magic; at best, they are entertaining imitations.

Quantum computing, on the other hand, offers remarkable capabilities that were once deemed impossible. It embodies a type of magic that transcends simple explanations and mechanical revelations; it is, in fact, real magic. Allow me to elaborate.

Chapter 2: The Nature of the Black Box

In the world of magic, performers utilize opaque boxes for obvious reasons. Similarly, quantum computers function as "black boxes" — albeit with significant distinctions.

A black box is characterized by only showing its inputs and outputs. For instance, when using your digital computer, you input data via the keyboard and receive output on the screen, while the internal processes remain hidden.

Though a digital computer may seem magical, it can ultimately be opened to reveal its inner workings. A quantum computer, built in a similar manner, can also be examined, but not while it is operational.

Quantum Computing 'Magic' - Computerphile - YouTube

This video delves into the fascinating world of quantum computing, exploring the intriguing aspects that make it appear magical.

Chapter 3: The Interplay of Observation and Isolation

Quantum physics revolves around the notion of isolation. It describes phenomena that are detached from environmental interactions, which is why quantum computers operate under some of the most extreme conditions imaginable.

To gain knowledge about the world, we must interact with it. Even simple observations are inherently invasive. Consequently, any attempt to read quantum information ultimately disrupts it.

While nothing physical is lost, the arrangement of matter that encodes the information changes uncontrollably. Therefore, we can only intervene once the computation is complete — you cannot observe a quantum computer while it is functioning, preventing us from uncovering its mechanisms.

Now, one might hope that the underlying mechanisms could be understood, even if not directly observed. While the memory state of a digital computer is impractical to view during operation, we do comprehend its workings. Similarly, I can describe how a magic trick operates without revealing it. So, might there be a comparable understanding for quantum computers? What could this mechanism entail?

Using Magic States to go Beyond "Break Even" - Quantum Paper Review - YouTube

This video explains how magic states can enhance quantum computing, pushing the boundaries of traditional computational methods.

Chapter 4: Deconstructing Superposition

If you have encountered discussions about quantum computers, you might believe they function as massively parallel machines, exploring all solutions simultaneously — perhaps across multiple universes! This misconception stems from the idea of superposition, which inaccurately suggests that objects can exist in two states at once.

In reality, objects, including atoms and other quantum entities, exist in distinct states, each represented by qubits — the fundamental units of quantum information. At any moment, quantum computers encode a single state, which evolves according to established rules or physical laws.

Most states are termed superposition states, but this designation is more a matter of convention than fact. We assign a relevant frame of reference to understand and calculate quantum states, classifying those that align with this perspective as "classical" or "computational" states.

Among the infinite quantum states, we have identified a simple subset that aids our comprehension and calculations. A quantum computation limited to these "classical" states is, unsurprisingly, classical.

This viewpoint suggests that superposition states serve as the unconventional fuel that empowers quantum computing. However, this perspective is a result of the classical viewpoint. Yes, superposition states are crucial, but only to the extent that they are the default states explored when no artificial constraints exist. Both computing machines and Nature itself remain oblivious to our classifications.

Chapter 5: A New Paradigm for Understanding

The notion of parallel states does not accurately describe how quantum computers operate; rather, it is a classical analogy that fails to capture the true essence of quantum mechanics.

When a magic trick is revealed, a classical mechanism is disclosed. Understanding how and why a trick functions is akin to grasping its underlying principles.

Quantum physics, however, eludes such mechanical explanations. This may be frustrating, but it is essential to recognize that this is the nature of the field.

Seeking a classical explanation for quantum phenomena is akin to attempting to understand magic without acknowledging its inherent illusions. The realm of quantum computing necessitates a fresh lexicon — quantum information theory — that discards classical concepts by necessity. Without embracing this new language, quantum computers will always seem like genuine magic.